VITRUVIUS, Pollio Marcus. Architettura dal vero esemplare latino nella volgar lingua tradotto: e con le figure a suoi luoghi con mirando ordine insignito…
Venezia, Nicola de Aristotele detto Zoppino, 1535
In 4to. 310x212 mm. Quarter leather and woodcut decorated cardboard binding, gilt title on label on the spine. Leaves [12], CX. Collation: 2A-2B6 A-N8 O6. Colophon on f. 2B6r. Title page in red and black within an illustrated woodcut frame, 136 woodcut illustrations in the text, Historiated initials with Portraits. Numerous interesting marginalia by ancient hand. Ex libris ‘W. Senn-Durk’ glued to the inside cover. At the end, ownership signature “Theophilo Gallaccini Dei Gratia". Some defects in the binding, internally occasional slight stains and slight waterstains, copy with wide margins.
Rare illustrated edition of Vitruvius. Specimen belonged to Teofilo Gallaccini, friend of Galileo, with dense annotations by his hand: on the last page his note of ownership “Theophilo Gallaccini Dei Gratia".
In the first pages of text, Gallacini's notes on the margins dialogue with Vitruvius' text, in an extraordinarily interesting active conversation. In the lower margin of the A1 recto, he concludes: “Di qui si può trarre che l’Architettura ha due parti, una è la teorica, e l’altra è la pratica; di modo che di lei si può dire ciò che si dice della medicina, cioè che cammina con due piedi”.
On the verso of A1 leaf he lists in 13 points the characteristics that the architect must have, synthetically anticipating what he will later expose in his best-known work, 'Degli errori degli architetti', which will be published in 1767, inserted, in an anti-baroque key, in the architectural dialogue of the eighteenth century.
“Però al’Homo Architetto si richiede l’ingegno come principio, l’arte per perfettione … Si vede che non basta la sola pratica è la sola teorica ... Ad uno che voglia essere buono Architetto è di bisogno che sia molto bene esercitato e nelle lettere e nell’arte ... La prima condizione che si richiede per fare un buon architetto è d’haver buona pratica e buona teorica. La 2a è l’esser ingegnoso, e l’ingegno consiste in una buona immaginativa … tesoro della Filosofia … La 3a è l’essere letterato … la 4a la pittura .. la 5° la geometria … la 6a la cognizione di Prospettiva … la 7a la simmetria … l’8a la cognitione delle historie. Per l’imitazione del decoro e degli ornamenti … la 9a la cognitione di Filosofia … la 10a la Musica … l’11a la Medicina … la 12a Intendere Legge per le cagioni delle liti … la 13a sappia di Cosmologia per intender la costituzione del cielo e degli aspetti” Point 8 is very important, where the criticism of the excess of baroque ornamentation is outlined. In these 13 points the rationalistic approach to architecture clearly emerges, whose beauty is the product of balance, which banishes excesses.
A physician, mathematician and philosopher, Gallaccini left a wealth of writings, most notably 'Degli errori degli architetti', written in 1621. After studying medicine at the University of Siena, he made a long stay, from 1590 to 1602, in Rome, where he dealt with a wide range of disciplines. In Siena, he was a member of the Academies of the Intronati and the Filomati, frequented poets, philosophers and men of letters, and became a professor of mathematics, then of logic and philosophy, at the local studio.
In August 1633, on the occasion of some lunar observations, he had the opportunity to meet Galileo Galilei who, after his conviction, was living in Siena in the palace of Archbishop Ascanio Piccolomini. On this occasion, he was able to attend Galileo's demonstration of the use of the telescope from the loggia of Palazzo Piccolomini.
Annalisa Simi, comments on the manuscript works on architecture, and notes: ‘For architecture, the constant reference is Vitruvius, for the exegesis of whose text the author relies on Filandro, Barbaro e Cesariano.’
This edition, edited by Francesco Lutio Durantino, presents precisely the Italian text of Cesare Cesariano. The iconographic apparatus of the work is impressive: the frontispiece depicts scattered armour and duelling knights, at the top a portrait of Cicero, at the bottom plaques with the monogrammatical initials of Fabius Maximus, Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great; the 136 woodcuts in the text constitute a very interesting collection of late medieval life, nature and architecture and are characteristic of Vitruvian ideals in terms of proportion, ornament, language, space, place and beauty.
Quire ‘G’, corresponding to pages 49-56, taken from the Venice edition of 1524, edited by Durantino himself, typographically identical to this edition of 1535, described by Fowler 398.
Bibliography:
Adams V 916; Essling 1704; BM, Italian Books 735; Berliner Ornamentstichkat 1804; Sander 7700 bis; Fowler 399, copy missing of the last 6 leaves, notebook ‘O’. For illustrations, see: Mortimer Italy n. 545.
Bibliography for Teofilo Gallacini:
- Teofilo Gallaccini: selected writings and library / edited by Alina Payne; with the contribution of Giovanni Maria Fara, Firenze, Olschki, 2012; Aline Payne – Giovanni Maria Fara, Teofilo Gallaccini e la critica architettonica a Siena fra XVI e XVII secolo, in:
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/apayne/files/teofilo_gallaccini.pdf
- Annalisa Simi, Teofilo Gallaccini. Matematico e Teorico dell’Architettura nella Siena di fine ’500, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, 2002, in:
https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/sites/default/files/Preprints/P207.pdf
- GALLACCINI, Teofilo di Fabio Cosentino, D. B. I. - Volume 51 (1998)
- Siena Digital Library: Degli angoli e del cerchio, Gallaccini, Teofilo, 1591-1641, in:
https://bds.comune.siena.it/it/vieweriiif/?id=9917334771703300&type=sbn