PAULUS DE MIDDELBURGO. Paulina de recta Paschae celebratione.
Fossombrone, Ottaviano Petrucci, 1513
An extremely rare first edition. The first book printed in Fossombrone. An astronomical and astrological work by one of Copernicus’s teachers, who refers to him as his mentor at the end of the Preface to *De Revolutionibus*.
A typographical masterpiece, this illustrated work, divided into two parts, deals with the reform of the calendar.
The illustrations are probably by Francesco Griffo, the famous inventor of the Italic type of Manuzio, who in those years collaborated with the printer of Fossombrone. The valuable full-page woodcut is made up of three joint parts: the first depicts the Virgin in glory with the child in a hemicycle of Popes, the second and third represent Christ on the cross silhouetted against scenes from the Passion. Paul of Middelburg, astronomer, humanist and mathematician, was a canon in his hometown, taught in Louvain and Padua: he later became bishop of Fossombrone. Ottaviano Petrucci, from Fossombrone, worked first in Venice, where he designed movable types for printing music, then returned to Fossombrone: this is the first non-musical book he printed in his city, and it is the first book printed in Fossombrone.
Ottaviano Petrucci, from Fossombrone, worked first in Venice, where he devised movable type for printing music, then returned to Fossombrone: this is the first non-musical book he printed in his town, and it is the first book printed in Fossombrone. On leaf FF4 there is a reference to the discovery of America, and Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci are mentioned.
Paulus of Middelburg, c. 1455-1534, physician, mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, became bishop of Fossombrone in 1494. He wrote important works on calendar reform and this is considered his main work. He presented this book to the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-17) for consideration of calendar reform. He was against restoring the equinox to March 21 and opposed the idea of abandoning the lunar cycle or placing Easter on a fixed Sunday of the year. He did, however, propose a change in the cycle by reducing the seven embolic months to five.
Welker finds textual evidence of the Bishop’s role and importance in the scientific debates of the time in Gassendi’s commentary on a letter from the Bishop to Copernicus: “His role and importance in the fervent scientific discussions of his time becomes tangible in Pierre Gassendi’s commentary on a letter from Paul to Copernicus”.
Adams P504; Mortimer, Italian, 363. J. G. Hagen, Paul of Middelburg, in: Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913; A. De Smet, Middelburg, Paulus van, in: Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek 9, 514-528. For Griffo, cfr. NUC v. 445 p. 540; A. Filippetti, Ottaviano Petrucci ed il carattere della "Paulina", tesi di laurea, Urbino, Istituto superiore per le industrie artistiche, a.a. 1993-94.
Folio, 300×205 mm. Full stiff vellum binding. 395 unnumbered leaves. The final blank leaf is missing (2G6). Collation: a8 b6 c-s8 t10; A-O8 W6 P-2F8 2G6. Colophon at the end: “Impressum Forosempronii per spectabilem virum Octauianum petrutium … anno Domini 1513 die octaua Iulii”.
Calendar text printed in red and black, numerous woodcut initials on a black background, round type. On the reverse of the title page, a woodcut depicting a shield bearing the arms of Pope Leo X, surmounted by the tiara and the keys of St Peter and supported by two angels; the Pope’s coat of arms on leaf a2r and on leaf A1r the coat of arms of the dedicatee of the second part, Emperor Maximilian. Four woodcut borders composed of four woodblocks and one full-page woodblock. At the end of the volume, a large printer’s device. Water stains on several pages. Some pages are handwritten, with a masterful reproduction of the printed type: these are leaves G2 to G7r; leaves K8, Q6 and Q7.